Set up paper chromatography and interpret a chromatogram.
The essentials
Chromatography separates dissolved substances because they differ in their attraction to the paper and solubility in the solvent.
Draw the baseline in pencil and start with the solvent below the spots.
Several separated spots indicate a mixture. Compare spots with reference substances under the same conditions.
Key vocabulary
English
Chinese
chromatography
色谱法
baseline
基线
solvent front
溶剂前沿
chromatogram
色谱图
Quick practice
Try each question before opening its hint or answer. Use paper for calculations and diagrams.
Question 1
Why should the initial ink spot sit above the solvent level?
Need a hint for Question 1?
The solvent must carry the sample up the paper from the baseline.
Check Question 1
If the spot is submerged, the sample may dissolve directly into the solvent reservoir instead of travelling up the paper.
Question 2
Why should a chromatography baseline be drawn in pencil rather than ink?
Need a hint for Question 2?
Consider whether the marking material can dissolve in the solvent.
Check Question 2
Ink may dissolve and separate into extra spots. The graphite in a pencil line does not dissolve in the chromatography solvent.
Question 3
An unknown gives spots at 2 cm and 5 cm. Reference P gives one spot at 2 cm in the same run. What can you conclude?
Need a hint for Question 3?
Separate evidence of a mixture from evidence for a possible identity.
Check Question 3
The unknown is a mixture because it separates into two spots. The matching spot suggests P may be present; one matching position alone does not prove identity.
Use Lesson 4 in your worksheet for written practice. Your teacher will discuss those answers in class.